Main Article Content
Abstract
The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) should be subjected to anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce methane, a sustainable energy source. Many nations use anaerobic digestion to process food waste that has been segregated at the point of origin. However, the existence of plastic bags is a huge impediment. This research evaluated the anaerobic degradation of several bioplastics, aimed at possible usage as compiling bags for the OFMSW. The biodegradation of the bioplastics was influenced by the AD process' microbial community composition and bioplastics' chemical content. Some biopolymers, such as poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s, starch, cellulose, and pectin, may be destroyed at the hydraulic retention durations often utilized at biogas facilities. Therefore, there is no risk of contamination. Biodegradable polymers have been developed to address this problem. Composting and soil decomposition are the most common methods for conducting degradation investigations. There are certain benefits to anaerobic digesting, such as producing methane-rich biogas that may be utilized as a fuel over aerobic digesting. Anaerobic digestion has been hampered by the presence of plastics. This research aims to determine if thermoplastic starch, a material manufactured from starch, can degrade under anaerobic conditions. The experiment was carried out in a 37 °C wet digestion batch setting with 30 and 90 days retention durations to collect data. Anaerobic digestion plant digestate from Mustankorkea was utilised as inoculum, while unused food from Ylistö eatery was used to give nutrients to the bacteria. Samples included thermoplastic starch, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and paper. A visual inspection of the materials and a comparison of mass loss and the quantity of biogas generated from the theoretical maximum were used to measure degradability.
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References
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- El Fels, L., Hafidi, M., Silvestre, J., Kallerhoff, J., Merlina, G., Pinelli, E., 2015. Efficiency of co-composting process to remove genotoxicity from sewage sludge contaminated with hexavalent chromium. Ecol. Eng. 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ecoleng.2015.05.022. M. Cucina et al. Waste Management 134 (2021) 67–77 77
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References
Accinelli, C., Sacca, ` M.L., Mencarelli, M., Vicari, A., 2012. Deterioration of bioplastic carrier bags in the environment and assessment of a new recycling alternative. Chemosphere 89 (2), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chemosphere.2012.05.028.
Adani, F., Baido, D., Calcaterra, E., Genevini, P., 2002. The influence of biomass temperature on biostabilization-biodrying of municipal solid waste. Bioresour. Technol. 83
ANPA, 2001. Metodi di analisi del compost. APHA, 2017, 2017.
APHA/AWWA/WEF (2017) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 23rd Edition, American Public Health Association. American Water Works Association Water Environment FederationStable.
Arab, G., McCartney, D., 2017. Benefits to decomposition rates when using digestate as compost co-feedstock: Part I - Focus on physicochemical parameters. Waste Manag. 68, 74–84.
Awasthi, M.K., Pandey, A.K., Bundela, P.S., Khan, J., 2015. Co-composting of organic fraction of municipal solid waste mixed with different bulking waste: Characterization of physicochemical parameters and microbial enzymatic dynamic.
Bioresour. Technol. 182, 200–207.
Barekov ´ a, ´ A., Demoviˇcova, ´ M., T´ atoˇsov´ a, L., Daniˇsov´ a, L., Medlenova, ´ E., Hlav´ aˇcikova, ´ S., 2021. Decomposition of Single-Use Products Made of Bioplastic under Real Conditions of Urban Composting Facility. J. Ecol. Eng. 22 (4), 265–272.
Batori, ´ V., Åkesson, D., Zamani, A., Taherzadeh, M.J., Sarv ´ ari ´ Horvath, ´ I., 2018. Anaerobic degradation of bioplastics: A review. Waste Manag. 80, 406–413. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.040.
Battista, F., Frison, N., Bolzonella, D., 2021. Can bioplastics be treated in conventional anaerobic digesters for food waste treatment? Environ. Technol. Innov. 22, 101393.
Cazaudehore, G., Monlau, F., Gassie, C., Lallement, A., Guyoneaud, R., 2021. Methane production and active microbial communities during anaerobic digestion of three commercial biodegradable coffee capsules under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. Sci. Total Environ. 784, 146972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2021.146972.
Chamas, A., Moon, H., Zheng, J., Qiu, Y., Tabassum, T., Jang, J.H., Abu-Omar, M., Scott, S.L., Suh, S., 2020. Degradation rates of plastics in the environment. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8 (9), 3494–3511. https://doi.org/10.1021/ acssuschemeng.9b06635.
Chinaglia, S., Tosin, M., Degli-Innocenti, F., 2018. Biodegradation rate of biodegradable plastics at molecular level. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 147, 237–244. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.12.011.
Cucina, M., de Nisi, P., Tambone, F., Adani, F., 2021. The role of waste management in reducing bioplastics’ leakage into the environment: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 337, 125459.
Cucina, M., Tacconi, C., Sordi, S., Pezzolla, D., Gigliotti, G., Zadra, C., 2018. Valorization of a pharmaceutical organic sludge through different composting treatments. Waste Manag. 74, 203–212.
Decreto Legislativo 29 Aprile 2010, n. 75, 2010. Riordino e revisione della disciplina in materia di fertilizzanti, a norma dell’articolo 13 della Legge 7 Luglio 2009 n. 88. Gazz. Uff. n. 121 - Suppl. Ordin. n.106, Roma.
Degli Innocenti, F., Breton, T., 2020. Intrinsic biodegradability of plastics and ecological risk in the case of leakage. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1021/ acssuschemeng.0c01230.
El Fels, L., Hafidi, M., Silvestre, J., Kallerhoff, J., Merlina, G., Pinelli, E., 2015. Efficiency of co-composting process to remove genotoxicity from sewage sludge contaminated with hexavalent chromium. Ecol. Eng. 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ecoleng.2015.05.022. M. Cucina et al. Waste Management 134 (2021) 67–77 77
Emadian, S.M., Onay, T.T., Demirel, B., 2017. Biodegradation of bioplastics in natural environments. Waste Manag 59, 526–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. wasman.2016.10.006.
EN13432, 2002. EN13432. Packag. - Requir. Packag. Recover. through Compost. Biodegrad. - test scheme Eval. criteria Final Accept. Packag. EPA, 2007. 3051A - 1 Revision 1 February 2007 METHOD 3051A MICROWAVE ASSISTED ACID DIGESTION OF SEDIMENTS, SLUDGES, SOILS, AND OILS. Chem 111 вы12y.