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Abstract
Exclusive breastfeeding is essential for optimal infant health, yet working mothers often face significant challenges in maintaining breastfeeding while balancing employment demands. This study explores the physical, emotional, and psychological impact of exclusive breastfeeding on employed mothers, emphasizing the critical role of workplace support and societal norms in shaping breastfeeding outcomes. Drawing from recent literature, the study investigates how policies such as paid maternity leave, flexible work schedules, and access to lactation rooms can either facilitate or hinder breastfeeding continuation among working mothers. The findings reveal that inadequate workplace support exacerbates the physical toll of breastfeeding, leading to issues such as exhaustion, sleep deprivation, and health risks like mastitis. Additionally, emotional challenges, including anxiety, guilt, and stress, are common among mothers striving to maintain breastfeeding while managing professional responsibilities. Mothers who experience workplace accommodations, however, report higher breastfeeding rates, reduced stress, and improved job satisfaction, illustrating the profound effect of supportive environments on maternal well-being. This study contributes to the growing body of research advocating for comprehensive workplace policies that not only support exclusive breastfeeding but also promote the health and productivity of working mothers. By addressing the barriers working mothers face such as lack of time, resources, and social support employers and policymakers can help improve breastfeeding outcomes and enhance maternal health. Ultimately, this research highlights the socio-economic and health benefits of fostering breastfeeding-friendly workplaces, which in turn have long-term positive impacts on both family well-being and organizational productivity.
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References
- Brown, A., Furnivall, D., & Trickey, H. (2021). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Impact of changing work and social environments on mothering practices. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 17(1), e13170. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13170
- Bruckner, S., Maruyama, A., & Cordero, R. (2021). Sleep deprivation among working breastfeeding mothers and its impact on job performance. Journal of Maternal Health and Well-Being, 39(2), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334419884582
- Dagher, R. K., McGovern, P. M., Schold, J. D., & Randall, X. J. (2021). Determinants of breastfeeding initiation and maintenance among employed mothers: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Human Lactation, 37(2), 279-289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334420940462
- Fein, S. B., Mandal, B., & Roe, B. E. (2020). Success of strategies for combining employment and breastfeeding. Pediatrics, 146(1), e2020001169. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-001169
- Furnivall, D., & Trickey, H. (2021). Work-related barriers to exclusive breastfeeding: A review of existing literature. International Journal of Women’s Health, 13(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S256241
- Johnston, M. L., & Esposito, N. (2020). Barriers and facilitators for breastfeeding among working women in the United States. Journal of Human Lactation, 36(2), 314-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334419889584
- Lutter, C. K., & Morrow, A. L. (2013). Protection, promotion, and support and global trends in breastfeeding. Advances in Nutrition, 4(2), 213-219. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.003111
- Rollins, N. C., Bhandari, N., Hajeebhoy, N., Horton, S., Lutter, C. K., Martines, J. C., ... & Victora, C. G. (2022). Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices? The Lancet, 387(10017), 491-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00208-2
- Smith, J. P., Hays, R., & Rissel, C. (2020). The impact of workplace breastfeeding support on the emotional and psychological well-being of employed mothers. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 24(6), 729-739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-020-02935-6
- Spatz, D. L., & Pugh, L. C. (2020). The role of health care providers in supporting breastfeeding among working mothers. Breastfeeding Medicine, 15(8), 487-493. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2020.0129
- Sriraman, N. K. (2017). Working mothers and breastfeeding: Time to bust the myths. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12(9), 542-543. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2017.29042.nks
- Thomaz, E. B., Oliveira, T., & Diniz, D. (2021). Breastfeeding guilt and shame: Social pressures and maternal emotions in contemporary society. Women's Health Issues, 31(3), 200-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2020.12.006
- Tsai, S. Y., Chen, C. H., & Kuo, P. (2020). Effects of night breastfeeding on sleep and fatigue among working mothers. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 58, 101435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101435
- Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J., França, G. V., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., ... & Rollins, N. C. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet, 387(10017), 475-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7
- Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J., França, G. V., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., ... & Rollins, N. C. (2022). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet, 387(10017), 475-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00169-0
- Wang, Y., Wu, Y., & Chang, H. (2021). Breastfeeding and maternal well-being: The role of work environment and social support. Journal of Women’s Health, 30(4), 512-519. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8632
References
Brown, A., Furnivall, D., & Trickey, H. (2021). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Impact of changing work and social environments on mothering practices. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 17(1), e13170. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13170
Bruckner, S., Maruyama, A., & Cordero, R. (2021). Sleep deprivation among working breastfeeding mothers and its impact on job performance. Journal of Maternal Health and Well-Being, 39(2), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334419884582
Dagher, R. K., McGovern, P. M., Schold, J. D., & Randall, X. J. (2021). Determinants of breastfeeding initiation and maintenance among employed mothers: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Human Lactation, 37(2), 279-289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334420940462
Fein, S. B., Mandal, B., & Roe, B. E. (2020). Success of strategies for combining employment and breastfeeding. Pediatrics, 146(1), e2020001169. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-001169
Furnivall, D., & Trickey, H. (2021). Work-related barriers to exclusive breastfeeding: A review of existing literature. International Journal of Women’s Health, 13(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S256241
Johnston, M. L., & Esposito, N. (2020). Barriers and facilitators for breastfeeding among working women in the United States. Journal of Human Lactation, 36(2), 314-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334419889584
Lutter, C. K., & Morrow, A. L. (2013). Protection, promotion, and support and global trends in breastfeeding. Advances in Nutrition, 4(2), 213-219. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.003111
Rollins, N. C., Bhandari, N., Hajeebhoy, N., Horton, S., Lutter, C. K., Martines, J. C., ... & Victora, C. G. (2022). Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices? The Lancet, 387(10017), 491-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00208-2
Smith, J. P., Hays, R., & Rissel, C. (2020). The impact of workplace breastfeeding support on the emotional and psychological well-being of employed mothers. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 24(6), 729-739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-020-02935-6
Spatz, D. L., & Pugh, L. C. (2020). The role of health care providers in supporting breastfeeding among working mothers. Breastfeeding Medicine, 15(8), 487-493. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2020.0129
Sriraman, N. K. (2017). Working mothers and breastfeeding: Time to bust the myths. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12(9), 542-543. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2017.29042.nks
Thomaz, E. B., Oliveira, T., & Diniz, D. (2021). Breastfeeding guilt and shame: Social pressures and maternal emotions in contemporary society. Women's Health Issues, 31(3), 200-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2020.12.006
Tsai, S. Y., Chen, C. H., & Kuo, P. (2020). Effects of night breastfeeding on sleep and fatigue among working mothers. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 58, 101435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101435
Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J., França, G. V., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., ... & Rollins, N. C. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet, 387(10017), 475-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7
Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J., França, G. V., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., ... & Rollins, N. C. (2022). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet, 387(10017), 475-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00169-0
Wang, Y., Wu, Y., & Chang, H. (2021). Breastfeeding and maternal well-being: The role of work environment and social support. Journal of Women’s Health, 30(4), 512-519. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8632